例１　
　 It was in 1949 that the PRC was founded.
　 可變?yōu)椋篧hen was it that the PRC was founded?

　 例2
　 Your dad worked in this factory two years ago.
　可變?yōu)椋篧here was it that your dad worked two years ago?

10. have difficulty (in) doing sth. 做某事有困難

其中的(in) doing sth.不可改為to do sth.；其中的difficulty 是不可數(shù)名詞, 前面可以用some/ no/ little/ much等詞修飾.

Eg.
⑴We had no difficulty in finding the hospital.
　我們毫不費(fèi)勁地找到了這所醫(yī)院.

⑵Did you have any difficulty in carrying the plan?
　你們執(zhí)行計劃有苦難嗎

⑶She has little difficulty in learning maths.
　她學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)幾乎沒什么困難　

⑷I had much difficulty in talking with the foreigner.
　我用英語同老外交談很費(fèi)勁

還可用下列句型表達(dá) “做某事有困難”：
have trouble (in) doing sth.
There be difficulty in doing sth.
do sth. with/ without difficulty

⑴There is some difficulty in teaching pupils Japanese.
　教小學(xué)生日語有困難

⑵He had a little difficulty in solving the problem.
　解決這個問題，他有一點(diǎn)困難

⑶Tom climbed the tree without difficulty.
　湯姆毫不費(fèi)勁地爬上了樹

注：
當(dāng)difficulty指籠統(tǒng)概念時，即“困難、費(fèi)力”為不可數(shù)名詞（如以上例句），當(dāng)它指具體的“難事、困難”時用作可數(shù)名詞。如：

We’ll meet with all kinds of difficulties.
我們會遇到各種困難

11. bring in: introduce, harvest, get money or income引進(jìn)，收獲

　 ⑴Country music has become big business. It brings in 300 million dollars a year.
鄉(xiāng)村音樂發(fā)展成為一項商業(yè)，每年盈利3億美元。

　 ⑵They have brought in experts to advise on the project.
他們已請來專家當(dāng)這項工程的顧問

　 ⑶Farmers in the south have brought in good crops this year.
南方的農(nóng)民今年收獲了莊稼

　 ⑷Don’t bring him in. He’ll do nothing to help.
別把他扯進(jìn)來，他幫不上什么忙

　 ⑸They brought in some words from their own languages.
他們把自己語言中的一些詞語帶了進(jìn)來

　其他相關(guān)短語：
　 bring sth. about使（某事）發(fā)生
　 bring sth. down　 降低或減少…，使…（從空中）落下
　 bring sth. up 培養(yǎng)、養(yǎng)育某人，嘔吐
　 bring …and …together 促使(爭執(zhí)雙方)和解
　bring out生產(chǎn)出,出版

　 ⑴The Liberals wish to bring about changes in the electoral system..
自用黨人想要改變選舉制度

　 ⑵The prices have been brought.
價格已經(jīng)下降了

　⑶Her parents died when she was a baby and she was brought up by her aunt.
她小時侯父母就去世了,是由她姑姑養(yǎng)大的

　 ⑷An enemy fighter was brought down.
一架敵機(jī)被擊落了

　 ⑸The loss of their son brought the parents together.
雙方因失去兒子而言歸于好

?、蔋e brought out his lunch just now.
他剛剛把吃進(jìn)去的午飯吐出來了

?、薔ew personal computers are brought out almost daily.
幾乎每天都有個人計算機(jī)推出

12. except:
表示同類別事物中除去若干,常與no,all,none,nothing,everything等包含全部的詞連用, 位于句首時不用except,常用except for; 它后面可接介詞短語、副詞、不定式以及that, when, where等引導(dǎo)的從句(except for不能這樣用)

except for:
指不同類別的事情或性質(zhì)不同的事情,或表示某人/物 在總體上是好的,只是其中的某個細(xì)節(jié)或某個環(huán)節(jié)不盡人意

eg.
⑴Except for Li Ming, they are all workers.
　除了李明之外,他們都是工人

⑵Everybody except John was able to answer the question.
　除了約翰之外,每個人都回答出了問題

⑶The room is empty except for a broken chair.　 (前后的名詞不同類)
　這個房間空空的,只不過有把破椅子

⑷I know nothing about him except that he is from Japan.
　我對他一無所知,只是知道他來自日本

⑸She goes to school by bike except when it rains.
　她騎自行車去上學(xué),除了下雨時不騎

⑹He could do nothing except walk home.(except前若有實義動詞do,則后面接不帶to的不定式)
　他只好走著回家了
　=He had no choice but to walk home.( except前若沒有實義動詞do,則后面接帶to的不定式)

高考題例:
I know nothing about the young lady ________ she is from Beijing. (2000上海高考)
A. except
B. except for
C. except that　
D.besides

分析：
except for與except that同義，但except for后不能接句子，后句“she is from Beijing”是一個完整的陳述句，故用except that連接，that不作成分。

答案：C

*besides:　(prep.)　“除…之外還有”，常與also, else, other等詞連用。如：

⑴Besides tennis, he also plays basketball and football.
　除了網(wǎng)球之外，他還打籃球和踢足球。

⑵I have three other dictionaries besides this one.
　除了這本詞典，我還有三本別的詞典。

*besides: (adv.)　 此外，而且

⑴I haven’t time to see the film-----besides, it’s had dreadful reviews.
　我沒有時間去看這部影片，再說，影評也諸多貶斥。

⑵I am too busy to go for a walk; besides, it is late.
　我太忙不去散步了，而且時候已晚了。

13. with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) ：常在句中作狀語，表示伴隨動作、行為方式及原因、條件或結(jié)果等情況。

with + 賓語 +prep./adj./ adv./ doing/ to do(表示要執(zhí)行的動作)/done（表示動作的完成及被動）

⑴She often sleeps with the window open. (adj.)
　她經(jīng)常開著窗戶睡覺。

⑵He came in with a book in his hand. (prep.)
　他手里拿著本書進(jìn)來了

⑶She felt scared with so many people looking at her. （doing）
　這么多人看著她，她感到害怕。

⑷He was brought in with his hands tied back.. (done)
　他雙手綁在身后被帶了進(jìn)來

⑸With everything bought, he left the market.　 (done)
　買完了所需要的東西之后，他離開了市場

⑹The king came in, with all his servants following him. (doing)
　國王進(jìn)來了，身后跟著所有的仆人。

⑺With nothing to do, he went out for a walk .
　由于沒有什么事情可做，他便到外面散步

⑻He left his room with the light on. (adv.)
　他離開了房間，燈亮著

高考題例1：
With a lot of difficult problems _____, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.(2002上海高考)
A. settled
B. settling
C. to settle
D. being settled

分析：
因后句的進(jìn)行時表示將來，“新當(dāng)選的總統(tǒng)將要度過一段艱難的時光”，故用“with＋賓語＋不定式”表示將來要執(zhí)行的動作。

答案：C

高考題例2：
_____two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.(2004北京高考)
A. With
B. Besides
C. As for
D. Because of

分析：
根據(jù)句意，此處應(yīng)采用“with +賓語+不定式”

答案：A

14. a great / good many

修飾可數(shù)名詞，它的后面不能接of短語，但當(dāng)名詞前有the, these, those, my, 等詞時，需加上介詞of

⑴A great many students like the movie.
　好多學(xué)生喜歡這部電影

⑵We have read a good many books.
　我們讀過許多書籍

⑶He has read a great many of the novels in this library.
　他已讀了圖書館中的許多書

⑷A good many of his books were bought from this bookstore.
　他的許多書是從這個書店里買的

其他表示“許多”的短語：
many a +單數(shù)名詞
a (large/great) number of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞
plenty of +不可數(shù)名詞／復(fù)數(shù)名詞
quite a few + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞
a great deal of +不可數(shù)名詞
a large amount of +不可數(shù)名詞

⑴Many a strong man has weakened before such a challenge.
　很多堅強(qiáng)的人面對這種困難都動搖了

⑵A number of people have read this magazine.
　好多人看過這本雜志

⑶There were quite a few copies sold on the first day.
　第一天就賣了好多本

⑷She spent a great deal of money on clothes.
　她花了許多錢買衣服

⑸They have a large amount of work to do.
　他們有大量的工作要做

⑹There’s plenty of rain in my hometown.
　我的家鄉(xiāng)雨水大

⑺There are plenty of eggs in the basket.
　籃子里有許多雞蛋

15. have a good knowledge of …了解，懂得，掌握
have no knowledge of…不知道，不了解
to one’s knowledge　據(jù)…所知
without the knowledge of在…不知道的情況下
come to sb’s knowledge 被某人知悉

⑴I have a good knowledge of Chinese history.
　我通曉中國歷史

⑵A baby has no knowledge of good and evil.
　嬰兒不知善惡

⑶He sold the car without his wife’s knowledge.
　他瞞著妻子把汽車賣了

⑷To my knowledge, she has never been late before.
　據(jù)我所知，她從來沒遲到過

⑸It has come to our knowledge that you have been cheating the company.
　據(jù)我們了解你一直欺騙公司

高考題例：
One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain ____ good knowledge of basic word formation.?。?002上海高考）
A. /
B. the
C. a　
D. one

分析：
knowledge為不可數(shù)名詞，但若有形容詞修飾，則加不定冠詞a

答案：C

16. consider

①考慮　 consider sth./ doing

　He is considering going abroad.　
　他正考慮出國。

　I’m considering changing my job.
　我在考慮換工作。

　I will consider your offer and tell you my decision tomorrow.
　對你的提議我要考慮一下，明天告訴你我的決定。

②想，認(rèn)為
　+ 賓語+（to be）+ adj./ n.
　consider + 賓語+ as + n./adj.
　+ that 從句

　I consider it a great honor.
　我認(rèn)為這是件很榮幸的事情。

　We consider money (to be) important.
　我們認(rèn)為金錢是重要的。

　We all consider him loyal to his friends.
　我們都認(rèn)為他對朋友忠誠。

　We consider it important to learn a foreign language.
　我們認(rèn)為再學(xué)一門外語非常重要。

　Lincoln was considered one of the greatest presidents in American history.
　林肯被認(rèn)為是美國歷史上最偉大的總統(tǒng)之一。

　We all consider that you did a good deed.
　我們都認(rèn)為你做了件好事。

　I don’t consider that it will turn out fine this afternoon.
　我認(rèn)為下午不會天晴。

③consideration n. 　考慮
　considering prep. 　考慮到，鑒于
　considerable adj.　 相當(dāng)大的

　The question is worthy of consideration.
　這個問題值得考慮。

　She is very active, considering her age.
　考慮到她的年齡，她很活躍了。

　A considerable number of people object to the policy of the government.
　相當(dāng)多的人反對政府這一政策。

④take sth. into consideration　 對某事加以考慮
　under consideration 在考慮中
　out of consideration未加考慮

　When marking Tom’s exam papers, the teacher took his long illness into consideration.
　批改湯姆的試卷時，老師考慮到了他長時間的生病。

　There is one important fact that has been out of consideration.
　有一重要事實未考慮到。

高考鏈接
Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer. (NMET 1993)
A. to invent　
B. inventing　
C. to have invented　
D. having invented

答案：Ｃ

分析：
該句為　consider sb. to do 的被動結(jié)構(gòu)，即 be considered to do, 同時要注意不定式的時態(tài)。因為“發(fā)明電腦”發(fā)生在“認(rèn)為”之前，故不定式用完成時。

17. means n.

a)手段，方法?。▎螐?fù)數(shù)同形）

　a means of transport/ communication　
　運(yùn)輸工具／通訊工具

　The quickest means of travel is by air.
　最快捷的旅行方式是乘飛機(jī)。

　All possible means have been tried.
　一切可能的辦法都已經(jīng)被嘗試過了。

b)by means of　 用，依靠
　by all means　一定，務(wù)必，當(dāng)然
　by no means　 決不，并未

　She could not speak, but made her wishes known by means of signs.
　她不會說話，但手勢表達(dá)了她的愿望。

　He succeeded by means of perseverance.
　他靠毅力獲得了成功。

　By all means I must visit my sick friend.
　我一定得去探望我生病的朋友。

　I can by no means pretend to be pleased with this behavior.
　我決不能假裝對這種行為表示滿意。

　---May I stay at home from school? 我可以呆在家里不去上學(xué)嗎？
　---By no means.　絕對不行。

c)辨析：means, method, way
三個詞均表示“方法”，means指為達(dá)到一個目的或產(chǎn)生某種結(jié)果而采用的方法、手段，way是最普通常用的詞，method 強(qiáng)調(diào)解決某個問題的辦法，三個詞與介詞搭配一般為：by the means/ in the way/ with the method